Puppet history in Indonesia
Shadow Puppets
The origins and development of the puppets are not recorded accurately as history. But people always remember and feel the presence of puppets in public life. Puppet familiar with the community long ago until now, because the puppet is one of the fruits of business intelligence Indonesian nation. Puppet appear as traditional culture and art, and is the culmination of regional culture.
Tracing the origins of scientific puppet is not an easy thing. Since the Dutch colonial era until now many scholars and humanists tried researching and writing about the puppet. There are similarities, but quite a few are crisscrossed opinions. Hazeu disagree with Rassers so are the views of Indonesian experts like Kpa Kusumadilaga, Ranggawarsita, Suroto, Sri Mulyono and others.
Shadow Puppets performances antiquity
However, all of these scholars clearly discuss Indonesian puppets and puppet states that it already existed and evolved since ancient times, about 1500 BC, long before religion and culture from the outside into Indonesia.
So, the puppet in a simple form still is native to Indonesia, which is in the process of development after berseniuhan with other elements, progressing forward so that it becomes equivalent and its contents as it is today. It is certain that the development will not stop, but will continue in the future.
Puppet we see today is different from the puppet in the past, as well as puppets in the future will change according to its time. Nothing cultural arts stagnates. Art and culture will always changing and evolving, but this puppet art and culture change has no effect on their identity, because the puppet has a solid foundation. The main runway is the nature of "Hamot, Hamong, hamemangkat which causes it to have endurance and power puppet fireworks throughout the ages.
Shadow Puppets performances Modern
Hamot is openness to accept the influence and input from inside and outside; Hamong is the ability to filter out the new elements that fit the values of the existing puppet, to further promoted to the values that match the puppet as a preparation to move forward with the development of society.
Hamemangkat or memangkat something value to the new value. And, this is definitely not easy. Must go through a long process of carefully digested. Puppets and puppetry has been proven that ability, originated from ancient times, the Hindus, the emergence of Islam, colonial period until the time of independence, and in times of national development today. Global life is also a challenge and certainly puppets will be tested for resistance in the face.
Periodization
(Pembabakan a time)
Periodization puppet cultural development is also an interesting language. Beginning with ancient times when the ancestors of Indonesia still animism and dynamism. In animism and dynamism is believed to be the spirit of a deceased person is still alive, and all the objects that animate and has power. The spirits that can reside in large logs, rocks, rivers, mountains and others. Alloys of animism and dynamism is putting the spirits of ancestors who were once in power, still has power. They continued to be worshiped and asked for help. To worship the spirits of ancestors, in addition to perform certain rituals they happen in the form of drawings and sculptures Spirit revered ancestor is called "hyang" or "dahyang".
People can relate to the hyang is to ask for help and protection, through a medium called 'shaman'. Rituals of ancestor worship, hyang and shaman who is the origin of this puppet show. Hyang be a puppet, ritual belief it becomes way stage and the shaman becomes puppeteer. While the story is an adventure and experience ancestors. The language used is the original Java language, which until now is still used. So, the puppet that comes from the ritual beliefs Indonesian ancestor around the L500 BC.
Derived from the time of animism, puppets continue to follow the history of the nation until the entry of Hinduism in Indonesia around the sixth century. Indonesian nation began berseniuhan with high civilization and managed to build up kingdoms as Kutai, Tarumanagara, even the great and glorious Srivijaya. At that time, the puppet was growing rapidly, got a solid foundation as a high-quality artwork.
Performing ancestral spirits were then developed with the story more weight, Ramayana and Mahabharata. Over the centuries X to XV, puppets developed in the framework of religious rituals and education to the community. At this time he began writing stories about puppets. During Kediri kingdom, Singasari and Majapahit puppet literature reached its peak as recorded in inscriptions in temples, literary works written by Professor Spoon, professor Sedah, Panuluh professor, professor Tantular and others. Puppet famous literary works of the Hindus, among others Baratayuda, Arjuna Wiwaha, Sudamala, while the puppet performance is good, enriched with visual creation of puppets made from carved leather, accompanied by gamelan in order that good performances with the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Wayang achieve high artistic quality to the extent depicted "Hannonton ringgit cry esekel" puppet spectacle is very touching.
Puppet People
It is interesting to note the Ramayana and Mahabharata Story native of India, has been accepted in the Indonesian wayang since the time of Hindu until now. Puppet as if synonymous with the Ramayana and Mahabharata. However, it should be understood that the Ramayana and Mahabharata Indian version of it has changed. Changed the plot; Ramayana and Mahabharata that India is a different story with each other, in Indoenesia into a single unit. In wayang story begins with the story of the Mahabharata Ramayana continues concatenated, instead continued with the story of Kediri kingdom era. The original Mahabharata contains 20 parwa, while in Indonesia live 18 parwa. (Articles, stories, literature Javanese).
A very prominent difference is the underlying philosophy of the two stories. Much more after the arrival of Islam. Philosophy Hinduism Ramayana and Mahabharata are processed in such a way that it becomes colored by the values of Islam. This is partly visible in the position of a god, patriarchal lineage, and so on. Puppet enriched with so many new spin stories that could be called the play "carangan", the Ramayana and the Mahabharata is completely different to the original. Similarly, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata in the puppet is not the same as the Ramayana and Mahabharata are growing in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and in other places. Ramayana and Mahabharata of India it has become Indonesia because it is colored by the native culture and cultural values that exist in the archipelago.
Rama and Shinta
In Indonesia, although the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata are both growing in the puppet, but Mahabharata thoroughly worked over by the humanist and poet us. Various play carangan and splinter, mostly taking the Mahabharata as the core of the story.
The arrival of Islam in Indonesia in the 15th century, brought major changes to the lives of the people of Indonesia. Similarly, the puppet has experienced a period of renewal. Massive renewal, not only in the form and manner puppet performance, but also the content and functions. Departing from changes in the values espoused, the puppet in the days of Demak and so have adjusted to his day. The shape of the original puppet realistic proportional as indicated in the relief temples, distilir into imaginative shapes like a puppet now. In addition, many additions and updates in equipment such as color or screen, blencong, or lights, debog ie banana tree to plant puppets, and much more.
The trustees and poet Java hold ongoing renewal according to the times and needs at the time, primarily used as a means of propaganda puppet Islam. Corresponding values embraced Islam, content and function of puppets has shifted from religious rituals (Hinduism) a means of education, propaganda, lighting, and mass communication. Turns puppet that has been refurbished in context with the development of Islamic religion and society, to be very effective for mass communication in providing entertainment as well as messages to the audience. The function and role continues to this day.
Puppet increasing development in the aftermath of Demak, entered the era of Javanese kingdoms like Pajang, Mataram, Kartasura, Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Lots of poets who wrote about puppets, creating new puppets. Many puppet artists make creations are increasingly enriching puppet.
Similarly, the mastermind increasingly professional in performing a puppet show, ceaselessly continued to develop this traditional art. With the incessant efforts of this, yielded encouraging results and proud, puppets and puppetry into a high-quality art, with the title "Adiluhung". Puppet proved able to appear as an attractive spectacle at once convey moral messages primacy of life. From the foundation of the puppet above developments, it appears that the puppet is derived from ancestor worship in ancient times, was developed in the days of the Hindu, then held renewal at the time of the arrival of Islam and continues to experience growth of Javanese kingdoms era, colonial times, the times independence until now.
Original Indonesian
The origins of the puppet becomes clear, that grows native Indonesian farming community with Indonesian Wayang has a characteristic that is named. It is easy to distinguish from similar cultural arts that developed in India, China, and countries in Southeast Asia. Not just different forms and how the play, the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata are used can also be different. This famous story has been composed according to the value and condition of living and growing in Indonesia.
Authenticity puppets can be traced from the use of language such as puppets, color, blencong, kepyak, mastermind, boxes, and others. All of the original Java language. In contrast for example to cempala ie knocker box, is Sanskrit. The original puppet receive influence from India. Language of the show is growing slowly but surely from the Old Javanese or Kawi, New Java language and it is not likely later this puppet will use Indonesian. Puppet always use a mixed language commonly called 'base rinengga' means the language that has been beautifully arranged for their intended use. In the art of puppetry, literary position is very important and must be controlled well by the puppeteer.
Ramayana
Visual form of wayang puppets also mengujudkan authenticity Indonesia, because the shape of stylized props puppet imaginative and beautiful it is a long process puppet craft art made by poets and artists since ancient Indonesian craftsmen. Once the advance and art, puppet has reached the level of 'perfect'. This assessment is objective, not excessive, when compared with other forms of visual art puppets or dolls from around the world.
Loaded with Philosophy
The main strength of puppet culture, which is also their identity, is the content of the value of philosophy. Puppet who grow and thrive for a long time it was successfully absorb various values of the primacy of life and continue to be preserved in various puppet show.
Based on the cult of the ancestors, the puppet is already very religious, getting input Hinduism, so that the puppet is getting stronger as a media ritual and ethics messenger. Entering the influence of Islam, has solid foundation as a puppet spectacle containing demands that moral reference nobility towards the realization of 'akhlaqulkarimah'.
Moisture content of the acculturation process that confirms the position of the puppet puppet as a source of ethics and philosophy and continues diligently communicated to the public. Therefore there is an opinion, it is like a puppet as a book of philosophy, namely the philosophy of the archipelago which can be used a source of ethics in personal and public life.
Puppet no longer a shadow spectacle or 'shadow play, but rather as' wewayangane ngaurip' is the shadow of human life. In a puppet show, can be illogical and felt how the human life from birth to death. The journey of human life to strive to uphold the right to beat that one. Puppet show can be obtained from the message to a life of good deeds in order to get keridloan divine.
Can also be a real puppet depicting conception of life 'sangkan paraning of being', man comes from God and will go back up to the presence of His. Many found a kind of puppet art and culture known as 'puppet show', but that is as beautiful and deep meaning is difficult to match the Wayang Kulit Purwa.
That is the origin of the Indonesian wayang, native to Indonesia's evolving over time. Dynamically anticipate the development and progress of time.
Organization Puppets
Development puppet from time to time in addition supported by the community, is also driven by non-governmental organizations, not by the government. Formerly the palace became the center of development and reference puppets and puppetry. The role of the palace switch on community institutions which include studios, educational institutions, community-the community of culture, art and in this modern era has also performed puppet organizations. Puppet organizations are local some are national. Puppet organization and a national puppetry puppetry is Persatuan Indonesia or PEPADI and SENAWANGI or Puppets Indonesian National Secretariat. Two puppet organization that now take part in the effort to preserve and develop a puppet.
SENAWANGI or a puppet organization of the leading and well consolidated. Established in 1975, in Jakarta. Every 5 years, held a week Wayang Indonesia, which is the peak activity puppet. Along with Puppet week, also implemented WANGI SENA Congress. In August 1999, the Indonesian Wayang Week held VII and WANGI the SENA Congress to six. SENAWANGI manage Puppets Kautaman building located in East Jakarta Ancol complex. This building could be pursued Puppet Center Indonesia and the world.
PEPADI professional organization whose members are the masterminds, musicians and swarawati has branches throughout Indonesia. Many engaged in activities puppet,
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